Comprehensive guide on mitral regurgitation covering causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, echocardiographic diagnosis, acute and chronic management, medical therapy, surgical indications, mitral valve repair, replacement, and transcatheter options based on current cardiology guidelines.
Comprehensive explanation of first heart sound S1 and jugular venous pressure JVP including physiology, waveform analysis, abnormal findings, clinical correlations, bedside examination steps, and exam-oriented interpretation for medical students and clinicians.
Learn the second heart sound S2 in detail including physiology, aortic and pulmonary components, normal and abnormal splitting, auscultation points, and clinical significance. A comprehensive medical reference for students and clinicians.
Comprehensive guide on Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) covering definition, indications, procedural steps, stent types, medications, complications, post-PCI care, and clinical outcomes for medical and cardiology learning.
Tricuspid regurgitation explained in detail with causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, echocardiography findings, and stepwise medical and surgical management for exams and practice.
Comprehensive clinical guide explaining the first heart sound S1 and jugular venous pulse JVP including waveform components, physiological basis, abnormal findings, and complete causes of raised or altered JVP for medical students and clinicians.
Detailed explanation of the second heart sound S2 including physiology, normal and abnormal splitting, causes of loud or soft A2 and P2, and key clinical correlations for exams and practice.
Detailed and exam-oriented guide explaining first heart sound S1, S3 gallop, S4 gallop, atrial myxoma, papillary fibroelastoma, tuberculous pericarditis, and post-treatment constrictive pericarditis with clinical features, diagnosis, and management for medical students and clinicians.
Percutaneous coronary intervention PCI is a minimally invasive heart procedure used to open blocked coronary arteries. Learn indications, procedure steps, stents, complications, drugs, and post PCI care in detail.
Mitral valve prolapse explained in detail including causes pathophysiology clinical features echocardiography diagnosis complications management treatment guidelines and high level exam oriented MCQs for medical students and clinicians.
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